法律通常是指由社会认可国家确认立法机关制定规范的行为规则，并由国家强制力（主要是司法机关）保证实施的，以规定当事人权利和义务为内容的，对全体社会成员具有普遍约束力的一种特殊行为规范（社会规范）。法律可划分为基本法律（如，刑法，刑事诉讼法，民法通则，民事诉讼法，行政诉讼法、行政法、商法、国际法等）和普通法律（如，商标法、文物保护法等）。行政法规，是国家行政机关（国务院）根据宪法和法律，制定的行政规范的总称。

法律门类也是重要的语言服务领域，现将一些重要术语整理出来。

法律渊源 source of law
制定法 statute
判例法 case law; precedent
普通法 common law
特别法 special law
固有法 native law; indigenous law
继受法 adopted law
实体法 substantial law
程序法 procedural law
原则法 fundamental law


例外法 exception law
司法解释 judicial interpretation
习惯法 customary law
公序良俗 public order and moral
自然法 natural law
罗马法 Roman Law
私法 private law
公法 public law
市民法 jus civile
万民法 jus gentium


民法法系 civil law system
英美法系 system of Anglo-American law
大陆法系 civil law system
普通法 common law
大陆法 continental law
罗马法系 Roman law system
衡平法 equity; law of equity
日尔曼法 Germantic law
教会法 ecclesiastical law
寺院法 canon law


伊斯兰法 Islamic law
民法法律规范 norm of civil law
授权规范 authorization norm
禁止规范 forbidding norm
义务性规范 obligatory norm
命令性规范 commanding norm
民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law
平等原则 principle of equality
自愿原则 principle of free will
公平原则 principle of justice


等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange
诚实信用原则 principle of good faith
行为 act
不作为 omission
合法行为 lawful act
违法行为 unlawful act
民事权利权利能力 civil right
绝对权 absolute right
相对权 relative right
优先权 right of priority


先买权 preemption
原权 antecedent right
救济权 right of relief
支配权 right of dominion
请求权 right of claim
物上请求权 right of claim for real thing
形成权 right of formation
撤销权 right of claiming cancellation
否认权 right of claiming cancellation
解除权 right of renouncement


代位权 subrogated right
选择权 right of choice
承认权 right of admission
终止权 right of termination
抗辩权 right of defense
一时性抗辩权 momentary right of defense
永久性抗辩权 permanent counter-argument right
不安抗辩权 unstable counter-argument right
同时履行抗辩权 defense right of simultaneous performance
既得权 tested right


期待权 expectant right
专属权 exclusive right
非专属权 non-exclusive right
人身权利 personal right
人权 human right
人格权 right of personality
生命健康权 right of life and health
姓名权 right of name
名称权 right of name
肖像权 right of portraiture


自由权 right of freedom
名誉权 right reputation
隐私权 right of privacy
私生活秘密权 right of privacy
贞操权 virginity right
身份权 right of status
亲权 parental power; parental right
亲属权 right of relative
探视权 visitation right
配偶权 right of spouse


荣誉权 right of honor
权利的保护 protection of right
公力救济 public protection
私力救济 self-protection
权利本位 standard of right
社会本位 standard of society
无责任行为 irresponsible right
正当防卫 justifiable right; ligitimate defence
防卫行为 act of defence

案件受理费 court acceptance fee
案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case
案由 cause of action
案子 case
包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits
被告 defendant (用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)
被上诉人 appellee
被诉人 respondent; defendant
本案律师 councel pro hac vice
本地律师 local counsel


毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate
辩护词 defense; pleadings
辩护律师 defense lawyer
辩护要点 point of defense
辩护意见 submission
财产租赁 property tenancy
裁定书 order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定）
裁决书 award（用于仲裁）
裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团）
采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence
草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests


查阅法条 source legal provisions
产权转让 conveyancing
出差 go on errand; go on a business trip
出国深造 further study abroad
出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion
出示的证据 exhibit
出庭 appear in court
传票 summons; subpoena
答辩状 answer; reply
代理词 representation


代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate
代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记 agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations
代理仲裁 agency for arbitration
代写文书 drafting of legal instruments
待决案件 pending case
当事人陈述 statement of the parties
第三人 third party
吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license
调查笔录 investigative record
调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence


调解 mediation
调解书 mediation
二审案件 case of trial of second instance
发送电子邮件 send e-mail
法律顾问 legal consultants
法律意见书 legal opinions
法律援助 legal aid
法律咨询 legal counseling
法庭 division; tribunal
法学博士学位 LL.D (Doctor of Laws)
法学会 law society


法学课程 legal courses
法学硕士学位 LL.M (Master of Laws)
法学系 faculty of law; department of law
法学学士学位 LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)
J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)
法学院 law school
法院公告 court announcement
反诉状 counterclaim
房地产律师 real estate lawyer; real property lawyer
非合伙律师 associate lawyer


非诉讼业务 non-litigation practice
高级合伙人 senior partner
高级律师 senior lawyer
各类协议和合同 agreements and contracts
公安局 Public Security Bureau
公司上市 company listing
公诉案件 public-prosecuting case
公证书 notarial certificate
国办律师事务所 state-run law office
国际贸易 international trade
国际诉讼 international litigation


国内诉讼 domestic litigation
合伙律师 partner lawyer
合伙制律师事务所 law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice
合同审查、草拟、修改 contract review, drafting and revision
会见当事人 interview a client
会见犯罪嫌疑人 interview a criminal suspect
兼职律师 part-time lawyer
监狱 prison; jail
鉴定结论 expert conclusion
缴纳会费 membership dues


举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi
决定书 decision
勘验笔录 record of request
看守所 detention house
抗诉书 protest
控告人 accuser; complainant
跨国诉讼 transnational litigation
劳动争议 labor disputes
劳动争议仲裁委员会 arbitration committee for labor disputes
劳改场 reform-through-labor farm; prison farm


利害关系人 interested party; party in interest
律管处处长 director of lawyer control department
律师 lawyer attorney; attorney at law
律师惩戒 lawyer discipline
律师法 Lawyer Law
律师费 lawyer fee
律师函 lawyer’s letter
律师见证 lawyer attestation/authentication
律师见证书 lawyer certification/authentication/witness
律师卷宗 lawyer’s docile; file


律师刊物 lawyer’s journal
律师联系电话 contact phone number of a lawyer
律师事务所 law office; law firm
律师收费 billing by lawyer
律师网站 lawyer website
律师协会 National Bar (Lawyer) Association
律师协会会员 member of Lawyer Association
律师协会秘书长 secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association
律师协会章程 Articles of Lawyer Assocition
律师业务室 lawyer’s office


律师执业证 lawyer license
律师助理 assistant lawyer
律师资格考试 bar exam; lawyer qualification exam
律师资格证 lawyer qualification certificate
民事案件 civil case
民事调解 civil mediation
民事诉讼 civil litigation
派出所 local police station; police substation
判决 judgement(用于民事、行政案件);
determination(用于终审);


sentence(用于刑事案);
verdict(由陪审团作出)
旁证 circumstantial evidence
企业章程 articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw
企业重组 corporate restructure
起诉状 information; indictment
取消律师资格 disbar
全国律师代表大会 National Lawyer Congress
缺席宣判 pronounce judgement or determination by default
人民法院 People’s Court


人民检察院 People’s Procuratorate
认定事实 determine facts
上诉案件 case of trial of second instance; appellate case
上诉人 appellant
上诉状 petition for appeal
涉外律师 lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters
申请复议 administrative reconsideration petition
申请加入律师协会 application for admission to Law Association
申请人 petitioner; claimant
申诉案件 appeal case


申诉人（仲裁） claimant; plaintiff
申诉书 appeal for revision, petition for revision
实习律师 apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period
实习律师证 certificate of apprentice lawyer
视听证据 audio-visual reference material
适用法律 apply law to facts
受害人 victim
书证 documentary evidence
司法部 Ministry of Justice
司法建议书 judicial advise


司法局 Judicial Bureau
司法局副局长 deputy director of Judicial Bureau
司法局局长 director of Judicial Bureau
司法统一考试 uniform judicial exam
送达 service of process
诉讼 litigation; action; lawsuit
诉讼当事人 litigation party; litigious party
诉讼业务 litigation practice
诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim
推销法律服务 promote/market legal service


外国律师事务所 foreign law office
委托代理合同 authorized representation contract
委托代理人 agent ad litem; entrusted agent
委托授权书 power of attorney
物证 material evidence
嫌疑人 criminal suspect
项目融资 project financing
项目谈判 project negotiating
刑事案件 criminal case
刑事诉讼 criminal litigation


行政诉讼 administrative litigation
休庭 adjourn the court; recess
宣判 pronounce judgement; determination
宣誓书 affidavit
业务进修 attendance in advanced studies
一审案件 case of trial of first instance
与国外律师事务所交流 communicate with foreign law firms
原告 plaintiff
证券律师 securities lawyer
证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit
执行笔录 execution record


执业登记 registration for practice
执业范围 scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area
执业申请 practice application
执业证年检 annual inspection of lawyer license
仲裁 arbitration
仲裁案件 arbitration case
仲裁机构 arbitration agency
专门律师 specialized lawyer
专职律师 professional lawyer; full-time lawyer
撰写法律文章 write legal thesis


资信调查 credit standing investigation
自诉案件 private prosecuting case

案件 case
案件发回 remand/rimit a case (to a low court)
案件名称 title of a case
案卷材料 materials in the case
案情陈述书 statement of case
案外人 person other than involved in the case
案值 total value involved in the case
败诉方 losing party
办案人员 personnel handling a case
保全措施申请书 application for protective measures


报案 report a case (to security authorities)
被告 defendant; the accused
被告人最后陈述 final statement of the accused
被告向原告第二次答辩 rejoinder
被害人 victim
被害人的诉讼代理人 victim’s agent ad litem
被上诉人 respondent; the appellee
被申请人 respondent
被申请执行人 party against whom execution is filed
被执行人 person subject to enforcement


本诉 principal action
必要共同诉讼人 party in necessary co-litigation
变通管辖 jurisdiction by accord
辩护 defense
辩护律师 defense attorney/lawyer
辩护人 defender
辩护证据 exculpatory evidence; defense evidence
辩论阶段 stage of court debate
驳回反诉 dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim
驳回请求 deny/dismiss a motion


驳回上诉、维持原判 reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling
驳回诉讼 dismiss an action/suit
驳回通知书 notice of dismissal
驳回自诉 dismiss/reject a private prosecution
驳回自诉裁定书 ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case
补充答辩 supplementary answer
补充判决 supplementary judgement
补充侦查 supplementary investigation
不公开审理 trial in camera
不立案决定书 written decision of no case-filing


不批准逮捕决定书 written decision of disapproving an arrest
不起诉 nol pros
不予受理起诉通知书 notice of dismissal of accusation by the court
财产保全申请书 application for attachment; application for property preservation
裁定 order; determination (指最终裁定)
裁定管辖 jurisdiction by order
裁定书 order; ruling
裁决书 award
采信的证据 admitted evidence
查封 seal up


撤回上诉 withdraw appeal
撤诉 withdraw a lawsuit
撤销立案 revoke a case placed on file
撤销原判，发回重审 rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial
出示的证据 exhibit
除权判决 invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)
传唤 summon; call
传闻证据 hearsay
答辩 answer; reply
答辩陈述书 statement of defence


答辩状 answer; reply
大法官 associate justices; justice
大检察官 deputy chief procurator
代理控告 agency for accusation
代理申诉 agency for appeal
代理审判员 acting judge
代为申请取保候审 agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving
弹劾式诉讼 accusatory procedure
当事人陈述 statement of the parties
当庭宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court


地区管辖 territorial jurisdiction
地区检察分院 inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate
第三人 third party
调查笔录 record of investigation
定期宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date
定罪证据 incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence
冻结 freeze
督促程序 procedure of supervision and urge
独任庭 sole-judge bench
独任仲裁员 sole arbitrator


对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施 compulsory measures against impairment of civil action
对席判决 judgement inter parties
二审 trial of second instance
二审案件 case of trial of second insurance
罚款 impose a fine
法定证据 statutory legal evidence
法定证据制度 system of legal evidence
法官 judges
法警 bailiff; court police
法律文书 legal instruments/papers


法律援助 legal aid
法律咨询 legal consulting
法庭辩论 court debate
法庭调查 court investigation
法庭审理笔录 court record
法庭审理方式 mode of court trial
法庭庭长 chief judge of a tribunal
法院 court
法院公告 court announcement


反诉 counterclaim
反诉答辩状 answer with counterclaim
反诉状 counterclaim
犯罪嫌疑人 criminal suspect
附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action
附带民事诉讼被告 defendant of collateral civil action
复查 reexamination; recheck
复验 reinspect
高级法官 senior judge
高级检察官 senior procurator


高级人民法院 Higher People’s Court
告诉案件 case of complaint
告诉才处理的案件 case accepted at complaint
告诉申诉庭 complaint and petition division
工读学校 work-study school for delinquent children
公安部 Ministry of Public Security
公安分局 public security sub-bureau
公安厅 public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government
公开审理 trial in public
公开审判制度 open trial system


公示催告程序 procedure of public summons for exhortation
公诉案件 public-prosecuting case
公诉词 statement of public prosecution
公证机关 public notary office
共同管辖 concurrent jurisdiction
管辖 jurisdiction
国际司法协助 international judicial assistance
海事法院 maritime court
合议庭 collegial panel
合议庭评议笔录 record of deliberating by the collegiate bench


和解 composition; compromise
核对诉讼当事人身份 check identity of litigious parties
恢复执行 resumption of execution
回避 withdrawal
混合式诉讼 mixed action
基层人民法院 basic People’s Court
羁押期限 term in custody
级别管辖 subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels
监视居住 living at home under surveillance
监狱 prison


检察官 procurator
检察权 prosecutorial power
检察委员会 procuratorial/prosecutorial committee
检察院 procuratorate
检察院派出机构 outpost tribunal of procuratorate
简易程序 summary procedure
鉴定结论 expert conclusion
经济审判庭 economic tribunal
径行判决 direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice
纠问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings


拘传 summon by force; summon by warrant
拘留所 detention house
举报 information/report of an offence
举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi
决定书 decision
军事法院 military procuratorate
开庭审理 open a court session
开庭通知 notice of court session
勘验笔录 record of inquest
看守所 detention house


可执行财产 executable property
控告式诉讼 accusatory proceedings
控诉证据 incriminating evidence
控诉职能 accusation function
扣押 distrain on; attachment
扣押物 distress/distraint
宽限期 period of grace
劳动争议仲裁申请书 petition for labor dispute arbitration
劳改场 reform-through-labor farm
劳教所 reeducation-through-labor office


类推判决的核准程序 procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence
累积证据 cumulative evidence
立案报告 place a case on file
立案管辖 functional jurisdiction
立案决定书 written decision of case-filing
立案侦查 report of placing a case on file
利害关系人 interested party
临时裁决书 interim award
律师见证书 lawyer’s written attestation; lawyer’s written authentication
律师事务所 law office; law firm


律师提前介入 prior intervention by lawyer
免于刑事处分 exemption from criminal penalty
民事案件 civil case
民事审判庭 civil tribunal
民事诉讼 civil action
民事诉讼法 Civil Procedural Law
扭送 seize and deliver a suspect to the police
派出法庭 detached tribunal
派出所 police station
判决 judgement; determination


判决书 judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的)
旁证 circumstantial evidence
陪审员 juror
批准逮捕 approval of arrest
破案 clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case
破产 bankruptcy; insolvency
普通程序 general/ordinary procedure
普通管辖 general jurisdiction
企业法人破产还债程序 procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation
起诉 filing of a lawsuit


起诉 sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings
起诉状 indictment; information
区县检察院 grassroots People’s Procuratorate
取保候审 the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving
缺席判决 default judgement
人民调解委员会 People’s Mediation Committee
认定财产无主案件 cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless
认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity
上诉 appeal


上诉人 appellant
上诉状 petition for appeal
少管所 juvenile prison
社会治安综合治理 comprehensive treatment of social security
涉外案件 cases involving foreign interests
涉外民事诉讼 foreign civil proceedings
涉外刑事诉讼 foreign criminal proceedings
申请人 applicant; petitioner
申请书 petition; application for arbitration
申请执行人 execution applicant
申诉人宣誓书 claimant’s affidavit of authenticity


申诉书 appeal for revision; petition for revision
神示证据制度 system of divinity evidence
神示制度 ordeal system
审查案件 case review
审查并决定逮捕 examine and decide arrest
审查起诉阶段 stage of review and prosecution
审理通知书 notice of hearing
审判长 presiding judge
审判长宣布开庭 presiding judge announce court in session
审判管辖 adjudgement/trial jurisdiction


审判监督程序 procedure for trial supervision
审判委员会 judicial committee
审判员 judge
审问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings
生效判决裁定 legally effective judgement/order
胜诉方 winning party
省市自治区检察院 higher People’s Procuratorate
失踪和死亡宣告 declaration of disappearance and death
实（质）体证据 substantial evidence
实物证据 tangible evidence


实在证据 real evidence
示意证据 demonstrative evidence
视听证据 audio-visual evidence
收容所 collecting post; safe retreat
首席大法官 chief justice
首席检察官 chief procurator
受害人的近亲属 victim’s immediate family
受理 acceptance
受理刑事案件审批表 registration form of acceptance of criminal case
受送达人 the addressee


书记员 court clerk
书记员宣读法庭纪律 court clerk reads court rules
书证 documentary evidence
司法部 Ministry of Justice
司法机关 judicial organizatons
司法警察 judicial police
司法局 judicial bureau
司法厅 judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government
司法协助 judicial assistance


死缓的复核 judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve
死刑复核程序 procedure for judicial review of death sentence
死刑复核权 competence for judicial review of death sentence
送达 service of process
送达传票 service of summons/subpoena
送达诉状 service of bill of complaint
搜查 search
诉 sue; suit; action; lawsuit
诉前财产保全 property attachment prior to lawsuit
诉讼 litigation; lawsuit; sue; action


诉讼保全 attachment
诉讼参加人 litigious participants
诉讼代理人 agent ad litem
诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim
特别程序 special procedures
提起公诉 institute a public prosecution
铁路法院 railway court
铁路检察院 railroad transport procuratorate
庭审程序 procedure of court trial
通缉 wanted for arrest


投案 appearance
退回补充侦查 return of a case for supplementary investigation
委托辩护 entrusted defense
未成年人法庭 juvenile court
无行政职务的法官 associate judge
无正当理由拒不到庭 refuse to appear in court without due cause
无罪判决 acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”
物证 material evidence
先予执行申请书 application for advanced execution
先予执行 advanced execution


刑事案件 criminal case
刑事拘留 criminal detention
刑事强制拘留 criminal coercive/compulsory measures
刑事审判庭 criminal tribunal
刑事诉讼 criminal proceedings
刑事诉讼法 Criminal Procedural Law
刑事自诉状 self-incriminating criminal complaint
行政案件 administrative case
行政审判庭 administrative tribunal
行政诉讼 administrative proceedings


行政诉讼法 Administrative Procedural Law
宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件 cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death
宣判笔录 record of rendition of judgement
选民资格案件 cases concerning qualifications of voters
询问证人 inquire/question a witness
训诫 reprimand
讯问笔录 record of interrogation
询问犯罪嫌疑人 interrogate criminal suspect
言词证据 verbal evidence
要求传唤证人申请书 application for subpoena


一裁终局 arbitration award shall be final and binding
一审 trial of first instance
一审案件 case of trial of first instance
应诉通知书 notice of respondence to action
有罪判决 sentence; finding of “guilty”
予审 preliminary examinantion; pretrial
原告 plaintiff
院长 court president
阅卷笔录 record of file review (by lawyers)
再审案件 case of retrial
再审申请书 petition for retrial


责令具结悔过 order to sign a statement of repentance
债权人会议 creditors’ meeting
侦查阶段 investigation stage
侦查终结 conclusion of investigation
征询原、被告最后意见 consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant
证据 evidence
证据保全 preserve evidence
证据保全申请书 application for evidence preservation
证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit
支付令 payment order/warrant


知识产权庭 intellectual property tribunal
执行程序 procedure execution
执行逮捕 execution of arrest
执行和解 conciliation of execution
执行回转 recovery of execution
执行庭 executive tribunal
执行异议 objection to execution
执行员 executor
执行中止 discontinuance of execution
执行终结 conclusion of execution


指定辩护 appointed defense
指定仲裁员声明 statement of appointing arbitrator
中级人民法院 intermediate People’s Court
中途退庭 retreat during court session without permission
仲裁 arbitration
仲裁被诉人 respondent; defendant
仲裁裁决 award
仲裁申请书 arbitration
仲裁申诉人 claimant; plaintiff
仲裁庭 arbitration tribunal


仲裁委员会 arbitration committee
仲裁协议 arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration
仲裁员 arbitrator
主诉检察官 principal procurator
助理检察官 assistant procurator
助理审判员 assistant judge
专门法院 special court
专门管辖 specific jurisdiction
专属管辖 exclusive jurisdiction
追究刑事责任 investigate for criminal responsibility


自首 confession to justice
自诉案件 private-prosecuting case
自行辩护 self-defense
自由心证制度 doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence
自侦案件 self-investigating case
最高人民法院 the Supreme People’s Court
最高人民检察院 the Supreme People’s Procuratorate
最后裁决书 final award


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